What do these triangles above and below the staff mean?
The image above is taken from sheet music of The Dreamy Fish by Erik Satie, I'm not completely sure what those triangles mean. Looking them up, they look closest to sforzando symbol,
but that one doesn't seem to be as tall, and would the upside down one also be a sforzando symbol? Thanks in advance.
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Different composers have different ideas about notations for accents. Also, the meaning of the accents changes over time. In Türk's Klavierschule of 1789, he writes that notes marked ^ "must be played with somewhat greater strength," while in Beethoven's time period the sforzando marking (generally sf at the time) is considered by contemporary theorists such as Czerny and Hummel to mean "sharply struck." (I don't find the use of ^ in Beethoven's music, which is not to say that it isn't there.)
If you want to dive into the subject a bit more, you can have a look at this article. If you want to take a deeper dive, have a look at this dissertation on Beethoven's use of accents, which, though long and thorough, isn't heavily technical.
At some point, you have to make up your own mind about what the composer means. If you find both of the two notations in Glorfindel's post in a piece of music, then I'd say his rule applies.
In the Satie piece you mention, I'd certainly say that the marking means to put a strong accent on the first beat. The rest of the notes should die away, too, but not starting as loud as the first one. More like from about mp to pp.
That's a marcato, indicating that this note/chord needs to be played much louder than the surrounding notes, even louder than with a more common sforzando accent (the wedge pointing to the right).
(left: marcato, right: sforzando)
The upside down version means the same; it's not unheard of that symbols are inverted when used in the bottom half of the score.
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