What is the story or format called when the protagonist is not the "hero?"
For instance, in "Silence of the Lambs," the "hero is Clarice Starling, the FBI agent, and the protagonist is the villain, Hannibal Lecter. What is this kind of story format called?
What happens if the protagonist is the "bad guy" or anti-hero? Can that make the antagonist the hero?
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You are mixing up different literary theories.
The concept of the hero comes from a view on literature that is derived from ancient epics. The concept of the protagonist is derived from Greek drama theory.
What is importatnt here is that the hero and the protagonist have nothing to do with each other. They are different approaches at trying to understand how literature works.
A hero is a figure undertaking a quest (Odysseus). Not every narrative has one. The hero's journey is about self-discovery and self-development. He is not necessarily up against anything (Hydra is not Hercules' opponent but a task he has to complete). A hero acts in the context of fate and divine forces.
The protagonist is the primary actor. By default, the hero is the protagonist of his narrative. But a protagonist is not always a hero. He may be fighting an antagonist that is on the same level as he and, unlike fate or the Greek gods, can be overcome.
There is no special name for this format of story. All stories have the same basic elements, (exposition, conflict, rising action, climax, resolution) and they pertain to the protagonist, who is the main character and who the audience is supposed to identify with the most.
The protagonist is the "hero" of their story, but they do not have to be the "good guy" per se. When in this role, they are often called the antihero. Examples are Now You See Me, the Fast and Furious series, and others where the protagonist is the "bad guy".
A protagonist is the character that the audience is meant to most identify with, in Silence of the Lambs that would be Clarice Starling.
Jamie Gumm (Buffalo Bill) is the primary antagonist, the catalyst and opposing force that Starling deals with, and develops from. Lecter would be a split between antagonist and protagonist. While Lecter is by far the most powerful and interesting character, Clarice is protagonist / hero of the story.
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