What are the main problems with non-injectable ways to administer molecules into the human body?
From past reading in various sources there seems to me to be many ways to administer molecules into the human body without injections that cause tissue trauma but that these ways generally aren't effective for the direct administration of certain materials (described below).

The primary non-injectable administration ways I know are these:

Ways

1. Oral

Gastric and intestinal

Tablets
Capsules
Solutions

Sublingual

Solutions
Lozenges

Laryngal

Solutions
Lozenges

Other

Gums
Sackets (common as Snus)
Chewed leaf caches in one side of the mouth (common with Khat leaf consumption in some cultures)

2. Nasal

Reception is primarily in upper respiratory tract:

Nose sprays
Nose (sniffing) inhalers
Nose (sniffing) drops
Powders

3. Otic

Ear drops

4. Ocular

Eye drops

5. Dermal

Ointments
Creams
Lotions
Colloids
Solutions (including drops)
Gels
Powders (such as Talc)

6. Rectal

Ointments
Creams
Suppositories
Enemas

7. Pulmic

Reception is primarily in lower respiratory tract:

Inhaling (via nasal and/or oral route)
Smoking (primarily via oral route)

Notes

Changes to body modes could be also achieved by radiation and other physical ("non chemical") and thus non-injectable ways.

My problem

I am not sure I understand what is the main problem with using these ways for a small company of materials ? mainly:

Peptide hormones (which aren't proteins)
proteins (including peptide hormones which are indeed proteins)

I understand that these two usually (but not necessarily always) break into amino acids in the stomach or are too big to cross via non gastric tissues, hence, either a human get too little of them, or not at all.

There might be more problems I am not aware of.

My question

What are the main problems with non-injectable ways to administer molecules into the human body?

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