Is there a highest note representable on sheet music without using an octave higher notation?
Is there a highest and lowest note that can be written on sheet music without using the one or more octave higher/lower notation? In my case for the piano specifically.
I want to learn to sight read and my first goal is to be able to name any note that appears on sheet music so that I don't have to count from a known position. Therefore I need to know all notes that could appear. Are there any rules about that? Can the highest and lowest notes on the piano be written without using the octave higher/lower notation?
Is there no standard for sheet music notation? I'm creating some very simple software to generate notes to help me practice but I don't want it to generate total nonsense which I'll never see in the real world. Are there any standards I could look up?
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As others have said, no there isn't a real limit, but there is a practical limit. If I am sightreading something and there are lots of ledger lines, there's no way you'll figure it out in time, so you might as well just skip it.
However, sometimes you'll know if you've worked your way up there gradually, or are playing octaves or something. A lot of sightreading isn't seeing each note, but recognizing patterns, so if you see an octave (and you'll get used to the distance between intervals on the sheet music), you only have to look at one of the notes. The same goes if you're playing individual notes really high or low - if you know where you are, you just read intervals instead of pitches.
I wouldn't recommend practicing more than maybe 3-4 ledger lines though if you're going for sightreading. It's just not common enough to worry about, and there are just too many other things to focus on, like getting the gist of a measure and filling the rest in yourself.
As a point of comparison, I play Alto Recorder, and often see music that reaches the g four ledger lines above the treble staff (our highest note). Flutes, I think, can go even higher without using 8va.
Soprano and Sopranino recorders, as well as piccolos, can all go higher, but are typically notated an octave lower than sounding.
One point that has not been pointed out here, is that I was taught when sight reading a new piece of music, it should be looked over beforehand and analyzed to spot the hard to read notes so that they don't catch you by surprise as you attempt your performance. Doing so allows the time needed to count and determine ledger lines and notes.
There is no absolute limit. The highest C on the piano, written 3 octaves above the staff, is perfectly legitimate. However, practically speaking, notes that far from the staff will almost always be written in a musical phrase containing other nearby notes, so the 8Va notation is used. Music that high is nearly impossible to sightread if not written using 8va notation, both because the distance from the staff is so great, and because the notes are so seldom read in that position.
If you are just starting out with sight reading, start out with a two octave range centered around the C in the center of the staff, and gradually increase it in both directions as you need it.
For practicality, it very much depends on the context. A major scale played upwards through 5 octaves is perfectly readable, using as many ledger lines as needed. However, playing some huge complex interval like a 39th out of nowhere is never going to be sight-read at full speed. Context usually will determine whether ledger lines are appropriate or not.
Of course, theoretically, there is no limit to how many ledger lines can be used, as frequency exists on an infinite and continuous spectrum.
The hard-and-fast rule for written sheet music is READABILITY. Anything that makes it easier to read is "more correct" than some markup that makes it harder to read.
In the example given in the question, you'd rarely use ledger lines to annotate a note that's more than an octave above the staff, because it just gets too swampy to read all those ledger lines. Use the 8va notation. However, it's generally not seen to have an 8va marking on anything shorter than a bar or a complete phrase. Think about that on a piano or guitar: a single note or three written up 7 ledger lines tells you to "grab a quick high note" while the notation 8va tells you "move your whole hand position up there for a bit."
However, it isn't uncommon to have single bass clef notes annotated 8vb.
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