: Roman numerals analysis I'm studying music theory in https://www.musictheory.net I have reach a point where the roman numeral analysis is explained. A couple of lessons later, I found the next image: I really can't make

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That to me looks like the cadential 6/4 chord progression. That is when either the tonic chord is decorated with the subdominant chord in the second inversion or the dominant chord is decorated with a tonic chord in the second inversion. For some reason, it seems like they have omitted the notation of the passing chord.

If it helps you the proper figuring of that melody should be I-I6/4-V.

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The point of this lesson is not to talk about Roman Numeral analysis, but instead describe phrases and cadences. So in the context of these examples the notes played are the melody and the Roman Numerals represent the harmony similarly how we would use them in Roman Numeral analysis. The only thing that is slightly unclear about this is that the key is not labeled at the start of the Roman Numeral analysis, but can easily be deduced by the first Roman Numeral as the key signature could be F major or D minor the first chord being I confirms that it is in F major.

The melody and harmony of course are intertwine in nature with all the notes except one (the A on beat 2 of measure 2) are chord tones of the harmony. The I chord contains the notes F, A, and C, the ii chord contains the notes G, Bb, and D, the V(7) chord contains the note C, E, and G (Bb is the 7th if it's there as seen in measure 2 beat 3).