: Why the F clef and G clef? We understand that the bass clef is called the F clef, while the treble is called the G clef. It's to do with where the strange signs are on each staff. But why those notes in particular?

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I don't really know the history enough to be certain, but I imagine it comes out of the Medieval hexachord system where the three hexachord types were based on F, C, and G.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidonian_hand#The_hexachord_in_the_Middle_Ages

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Like Michael says the C- and F-clef come from the Guidonian hand ans show where the semitone lies: below C or F

When F was altered to the lead tone F# the semitone was lying below G.

If we look at the 5 lines of the staff we couldn't see the semitones (without the clefs) as all lines have the same distance.

Riemann writes in his
CATECHISM
OF
MUSICAL HISTORY

To these two oldest clefs, the g-clef, which showed once marked g, was
already added in the 13th century; but for the music of that time,
which was written exclusively for the voice, it was extremely seldom
required. It was only in theoretical synopses, or at most in the
sketching of scores, that V was written for our great G. As the clef
originally showed the place where the semitonium lay, the g-clef at
once indicated that f was raised to f$; therefore, where this
transposition of keys into the dominant (which seldom happened), was
not intended, and the g-clef was only chosen to avoid ledger lines, we
often find a flat on the f line, as a sign that the lower form of f (fb molle, i. e. not f$, but f) is meant.