How can a non-musician recognize anacrusis?
I need help understanding anacrusis (pickup notes). I'm no musician - I'm more of an anthropologist. I was reading some articles on ethnomusicology, and one of them makes reference to anacrusis in some indigenous musical traditions. In some cases, outsiders perceive indigenous music as anacrustic whereas the producers themselves do not.
Anyway, to understand the claims, I'd like to understand what anacrusis is. So, I turned to Wikipedia.
The Wikipedia page for anacrusis states that:
In the song "Happy Birthday to You", the anacrusis forms the Happy and
the accent is on the first syllable of Birthday.
This is difficult for me to make heads or tails of. In what sense does the the anacrusis "form the Happy". How could someone without a musical ear (like myself) perceive anacrusis on this melody? What other melodies give easily perceivable instances of anacrusis?
Other tips are appreciated!
Thank you.
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If you clap slowly while singing, you'll clap on "Birth-", "You", "Birth-", "You", "Birth-", "whoever", "Birth-", "You".
Those are points of syllabic stress and melodic stress, so they are natural accents in the music. Since "Happy" starts before your first clap, it's an anacrusis.
Please refrain from mentioning the other syllables as the text to "Happy Birthday" is purportedly copyrighted (and the matter of ongoing law suits) and Times/Warner might command StackExchange to take down any allusions to the complete text.
Anacrusis (pickup) is a bit more rhythmic than melodic. Hearing it seems easy to my musical brain, but I can understand how it would not be easy for others. Most music has a set rhythm, which we can understand in its simplest form by saying there is a fairly low number (most commonly 4), to which one can repeatedly count while listening to a piece of music, such that the piece will seem to flow with the counting.
Wait, what does that even mean? Let's use Happy Birthday as an example. If you count "one two three one two three one two three" repeatedly while someone is singing Happy Birthday, you'll hear/feel that the song seems to flow along with your counting, except you can't start the song with "one" right when the singer first says "Happy-". You have to start your count on "three" and then go back to "one", with the "one" matching when the word "Birthday" is sung. That's anacrusis. Here's a chart-like thing to hopefully make it more visual:
Count: 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Singing: Happy birth-day to you Happy birth-day to...
So by now you're probably ready to ask, "Wait, why don't we just make 'one' fall on 'Happy' and then 'two' for 'birthday' and so on?" Excellent question, and this is the very core of anacrusis, and even rhythm in general. How do we know that it's a three-count? How do we know where the 'one' is?
Mainly, we feel it. When we sing Happy Birthday, we tend to naturally emphasize the syllables "birth-" and "you". Having the emphasis on the "one" is a popular component of rhythm, so it's a good bet when we are counting a song to put the "one" on emphasized syllables. That means we have to get a sense of the spacing between emphasized syllables (or beats) in order to know how high to count (e.g., "1 2 3 1 2 3" or "1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4", etc.).
To get back to the question at hand, how can you determine whether anacrusis is part of the music you are hearing?
Understand that anacrusis (also called "pickup") only happens at the beginning of a piece.
Determine the rhythm of the piece by guessing and counting and seeing if the "flow" seems to match the count. If it doesn't match, try a different count and/or a different "one".
Go back to the beginning of the piece and find the first "one". If the melody matches or starts right after the first "one", there is no anacrusis. If the melody seems to come before the first "one", that could and would often be considered anacrusis.
That last phrase in step three is really what the articles you read seem to be about. Anacrusis could be in the eye of the beholder. Going back to the question of why we don't just count "one" on "Happy" in Happy Birthday, we could actually count "one" on "Happy" and then count sixes or twelves or even fours (which would create a different feel, sometimes called "three over four") and then we would not consider there to be anacrusis for Happy Birthday. Anacrusis and the rhythms we typically apply to music are merely conventions of western music theory, and other cultures can and certainly do develop theories and musical ideas that don't match, or even outright clash with the concepts that have their origins in western Europe and even back to ancient Greece.
So when talking among people who understand western music theory, you might describe a piece as having anacrusis, but if the artist(s) who composed and/or perform that piece don't see it that way, or don't even have that concept in their view of music, that is a valid point of view.
Other Examples
Hey Jude by The Beatles (one on "Jude")
Amazing Grace, traditional (one on the second syllable of "Amazing")
Do You Hear The People Sing? from Les Miserables (one on "Hear")
Tom's Diner by Suzanne Vega (one on the third "doo")
Shake It Off by Taylor Swift (one on "late")
I Feel Good by James Brown (one right after/on the second mora of "good")
Symphony No. 5, start of first movement by Beethoven (one on the "duhn" of "dut dut dut duuhn....")
Here's a map of Mary Had a Little Lamb (non-blues children's version) to contrast with the Happy Birthday map above:
Count: 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Singing: Ma- ry had a lit- tle lamb lit- tle lamb lit- tle lamb
Sometimes it's hard to tell. There are several contra dance tunes which
are written with pick up notes, but are often played without them. The
one beat is sometimes the two beat of the previous measure. It makes for
much hilarity when musicians who don't play together often try to play the tunes. Everything is fine until the B part.
I'll try to give you a clearer example of a tune with an anacrusis or pick-up: The Star Spangled Banner. This melody has three beats to a measure. The first full measure contains "Say, can you". The two little notes in the very beginning of the tune, sung to the word "Oh" are the anacrusis.
Now you need an example of a tune that doesn't have an anacrusis. Let's try Mary Had a Little Lamb. This melody has four beats to a measure. The first measure contains "Mary had a little lamb". There is nothing before that! The tune starts out cleanly right on Beat 1! So, we say that there is no anacrusis, or there are no pick-up notes.
What's going on here is that the first measure of Banner is not complete; the first measure of Mary is.
It is the first part of a melody that sounds before the first beat of the rhythm. Might be at the beginning of the piece or when the melody of the next section of the piece starts (though many people don't consider this an anacrusis). It is something you feel with your body, singing, clapping and moving, so my recommendation is find a couple of examples (see other answers), sing the beginning of the melody and feel when the first beat of the rhythm starts, try to repeat many times while clapping.
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